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Hertz
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This article is about the unit of frequency, named after physicist Heinrich Hertz. For rental cars, see The Hertz Corporation. For others, see Hertz (disambiguation).
"Hz" and "MHz" (MHZ) redirect here. For other uses, see HZ (disambiguation) or MHZ (disambiguation).
"Hert" redirects here. For the French wine grape, see Hert (grape).
"Megahertz" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Megahertz (horse).
| Unit system: | SI derived unit |
| Quantity: | Frequency |
| Symbol: | ㎐ |
| Dimension: | T−1 |
| Named after: | Heinrich Hertz |
| In SI base units: | 1 Hz = 1 s-1 |
Hz
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The hertz (symbol Hz) is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon.[1] One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications, such as the frequency of musical tones. The word "hertz" is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves.
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Definition[edit]
The hertz is equivalent to cycles per second.[2] In defining the second, the CIPM declared that "the standard to be employed is the transition between the hyperfine levels F = 4, M = 0 and F = 3, M = 0 of the ground state 2S1/2 of the cesium 133 atom, unperturbed by external fields, and that the frequency of this transition is assigned the value 9 192 631 770 hertz"[3] thereby effectively defining the hertz and the second simultaneously.
In English, "hertz" is also used as the plural form.[4] As an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kHz (kilohertz, 103 Hz), MHz (megahertz, 106 Hz), GHz (gigahertz, 109 Hz) and THz (terahertz, 1012 Hz). One hertz simply means "one cycle per second" (typically that which is being counted is a complete cycle); 100 Hz means "one hundred cycles per second", and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, or a human heart might be said to beat at 1.2 Hz. The "frequency" or activity of aperiodic or stochastic events, such asradioactive decay, is expressed in becquerels, not hertz.
Even though angular velocity, angular frequency and hertz all have the dimensions of 1/s, angular velocity and angular frequency arenot expressed in hertz,[5] but rather in an appropriate angular unit such as radians per second. Thus a disc rotating at 60 revolutions per minute (rpm) is said to be rotating at either 2π rad/s or 1 Hz, where the former measures the angular velocity and the latter reflects the number of complete revolutions per second. The conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ωmeasured in radians per second are:
and
.
This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (Hz). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (hertz), except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase. —Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.
History[edit]
The hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), who made important scientific contributions to the study ofelectromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1930.[6] It was adopted by theGeneral Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) (Conférence générale des poids et mesures) in 1960, replacing the previous name for the unit, cycles per second (cps), along with its related multiples, primarily kilocycles per second (kc/s) and megacycles per second (Mc/s), and occasionally kilomegacycles per second (kMc/s). The term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s.
Applications[edit]
Vibration[edit]
Sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of sound waves aspitch. Each musical note corresponds to a particular frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infant's ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; the average adult human can hear sounds between 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz.[7] The range of ultrasound, high-intensity infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular vibrations extends into the megahertz range and well beyond.
Electromagnetic radiation[edit]
Electromagnetic radiation is often described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz.
Radio frequency radiation is usually measured in kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz). Light is electromagnetic radiation that is even higher in frequency, and has frequencies in the range of tens (infrared) to thousands (ultraviolet) of terahertz. Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies in the low terahertz range, (intermediate between those of the highest normally usable radio frequencies and long-wave infrared light), is often calledterahertz radiation. Even higher frequencies exist, such as that of gamma rays, which can be measured in exahertz. (For historical reasons, the frequencies of light and higher frequency electromagnetic radiation are more commonly specified in terms of their wavelengths or photon energies: for a more detailed treatment of this and the above frequency ranges, see electromagnetic spectrum.)
Computing[edit]
In computing, most central processing units (CPU) are labeled in terms of their clock rateexpressed in megahertz or gigahertz (106 or 109 hertz, respectively). This number refers to the frequency of the CPU's master clock signal ("clock rate"). This signal is simply an electrical voltage which changes from low to high and back again at regular intervals. This signal is a square wave. Hertz has become the primary unit of measurement accepted by the general populace to determine the performance of a CPU, but many experts have criticized this approach, which they claim is an easily manipulable benchmark.[8] For home-based personal computers, the CPU has ranged from approximately 1 megahertz in the late 1970s (Atari, Commodore, Apple computers) to up to 6 GHz in the present (IBM POWER processors).
Various computer buses, such as the front-side bus connecting the CPU and northbridge, also operate at different frequencies in the megahertz range
SI multiples[edit]
| Submultiples | Multiples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Symbol | Name | Value | Symbol | Name | |
| 10−1 Hz | dHz | decihertz | 101 Hz | daHz | decahertz | |
| 10−2 Hz | cHz | centihertz | 102 Hz | hHz | hectohertz | |
| 10−3 Hz | mHz | millihertz | 103 Hz | kHz | kilohertz | |
| 10−6 Hz | µHz | microhertz | 106 Hz | MHz | megahertz | |
| 10−9 Hz | nHz | nanohertz | 109 Hz | GHz | gigahertz | |
| 10−12 Hz | pHz | picohertz | 1012 Hz | THz | terahertz | |
| 10−15 Hz | fHz | femtohertz | 1015 Hz | PHz | petahertz | |
| 10−18 Hz | aHz | attohertz | 1018 Hz | EHz | exahertz | |
| 10−21 Hz | zHz | zeptohertz | 1021 Hz | ZHz | zettahertz | |
| 10−24 Hz | yHz | yoctohertz | 1024 Hz | YHz | yottahertz | |
| Common prefixed units are in bold face. | ||||||
Frequencies not expressed in hertz[edit]
Even higher frequencies are believed to occur naturally, in the frequencies of the quantum-mechanical wave functions of high-energy (or, equivalently, massive) particles, although these are not directly observable, and must be inferred from their interactions with other phenomena. For practical reasons, these are typically not expressed in hertz, but in terms of the equivalent quantum energy, which is proportional to the frequency by the factor of Planck's constant.
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